4G movable Broadband - Lte Network Architecture and Protocol Stack

Abstrct

The goal of the Lte standard is to generate specifications for a new radio-access technology geared to higher data rates, low latency and greater spectral efficiency. The spectral efficiency target for the Lte ideas is three to four times higher than the current Hspa system. These aggressive spectral efficiency targets require using the technology envelope by employing industrialized air-interface techniques such as low-Papr orthogonal uplink many access based on Sc-Fdma(single-carrier frequency branch many access) Mimo multiple-input multiple-output multi-antenna technologies, inter-cell interference mitigation techniques, low latency channel buildings and single-frequency network (Sfn) broadcast. The researchers and engineers working on the standard come up with new innovative technology proposals and ideas for ideas performance improvement. Due to the extremely aggressive standard improvement schedule, these researchers and engineers are commonly unable to release their proposals in conferences or journals, etc. In the standards improvement phase, the proposals go straight through broad scrutiny with many sources evaluating and simulating the proposed technologies from ideas performance correction and implementation complexity perspectives. Therefore, only the highest-quality proposals and ideas finally make into the standard.

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Keywords: Lte Architecture, Udp, Gdp, Mimo, Mime, Mcch, Mbms, Qos

4G movable Broadband - Lte Network Architecture and Protocol Stack

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1. Introducyion

The Lte network architecture is designed with the goal of supporting packet-switched traffic with seamless mobility, ability of assistance (QoS) and minimal latency. A packet-switched advent allows for the supporting of all services together with voice straight through packet connections. The effect in a extremely simplified flatter architecture with only two types of node namely evolved Node-B (eNb) and mobility management entity/gateway (Mme/Gw). This is in discrepancy to many more network nodes in the current hierarchical network architecture of the 3G system. One major convert is that the radio network controller (Rnc) is eliminated from the data path and its functions are now incorporated in eNb. Some of the benefits of a particular node in the access network are reduced latency and the distribution of the Rnc processing load into many eNbs. The elimination of the Rnc in the access network was inherent partly because the Lte ideas does not keep macro-diversity or soft-handoff.

2. Lte Network Architecture

All the network interfaces are based on Ip protocols. The eNbs are interconnected by means of an X2 interface and to the Mme/Gw entity by means of an S1 interface as shown in Figure1. The S1 interface supports a many-to-many relationship between Mme/Gw and eNbs.

The functional split between eNb and Mme/Gw is shown in form 2 Two logical gateway entities namely the serving gateway (S-Gw) and the packet data network gateway (P-Gw) is defined. The S-Gw acts as a local mobility anchor forwarding and receiving packets to and from the eNb serving the Ue. The P-Gw interfaces with external packet data networks (Pdns) such as the Internet and the Ims. The P-Gw also performs any Ip functions such as address allocation, policy enforcement, packet filtering and routing.

The Mme is a signaling only entity and hence user Ip packets do not go straight through Mme. An benefit of a cut off network entity for signaling is that the network capacity for signaling and traffic can grow independently. The main functions of Mme are idle-mode Ue reach ability together with the operate and performance of paging retransmission, tracking area list management, roaming, authentication, authorization, P-Gw/S-Gw selection, bearer management together with dedicated bearer establishment, security negotiations and Nas signaling, etc.

Evolved Node-B implements Node-B functions as well as protocols traditionally implemented in Rnc. The main functions of eNb are header compression, ciphering and trustworthy delivery of packets. On the operate side, eNb incorporates functions such as admission operate and radio resource management. Some of the benefits of a particular node in the access network are reduced latency and the distribution of Rnc the network side are now fulfilled, in eNb.

Figure 1: Network Architecture

Figure 2: Functional split between eNb and Mme/Gw.

2.1 Protocol Stack And Conytol Plane

The user plane protocol stack is given in form 3.We note that packet data convergence protocol (Pdcp) and radio link operate (Rlc) layers traditionally fulfilled, in Rnc on form 4 shows the operate plane protocol stack.

Figure 3: User plane protocol.

Figure 4: operate plane protocol stack.

We note that Rrc functionality traditionally implemented in Rnc is now incorporated into eNb. The Rlc and Mac layers perform the same functions as they do for the user plane. The functions performed by the Rrc contain ideas facts broadcast, paging, radio bearer control, Rrc relationship management, mobility functions and Ue estimation reporting and control. The non-access stratum (Nas) protocol fulfilled, in the Mme on the network side and at the Ue on the concluding side performs functions such as Eps (evolved packet system) bearer management, authentication and security control, etc.

The S1 and X2 interface protocol stacks are shown in Figures 2.5 and 2.6 respectively.We note that similar protocols are used on these two interfaces. The S1 user plane interface (S1-U) is defined between the eNb and the S-Gw. The S1-U interface uses Gtp-U (Gprs tunneling protocol - user data tunneling) on Udp/Ip transport and provides non-guaranteed delivery of user plane Pdus between the eNb and the S-Gw. The Gtp-U is a relatively uncomplicated Ip based tunneling protocol that permits many tunnels between each set of end points. The S1 operate plane interface (S1-Mme) is defined as being between the eNb and the Mme. Similar to the user plane, the transport network layer is built on Ip transport and for the reliable

Figure 5: S1 interface user and operate planes.

Figure 6: X2 interface user and operate planes.

Transport of signaling messages Sctp (stream operate transmission protocol) is used on top of Ip The Sctp protocol operates analogously to Tcp ensuring reliable, in-sequence transport of messages with congestion control. The application layer signaling protocols are referred to as S1 application protocol (S1-Ap) and X2 application protocol (X2-Ap) for S1 and X2 interface operate planes respectively.

3. Qos And Bearer assistance Architecture

Applications such as VoIp, web browsing, video telephony and video streaming have extra QoS needs. Therefore, an prominent highlight of any all-packet network is the provision of a QoS mechanism to enable differentiation of packet flows based on QoS requirements. In Eps, QoS flows called Eps bearers are established between the Ue and the P-Gw as shown in form 7. A radio bearer transports the packets of an Eps bearer between a Ue and an eNb. Each Ip flow (e.g. VoIp) is linked with a different Eps bearer and the network can prioritize traffic accordingly.

Figure 7: Eps bearer assistance architecture.

When receiving an Ip packet from the Internet, P-Gw performs packet classification based on confident predefined parameters and sends it an standard Eps bearer. Based on the Eps bearer, eNb maps packets to the standard radio QoS bearer. There is one-to-one mapping between an Eps bearer and a radio bearer.

4. Layer 2 Structure

The layer 2 of Lte consists of three sub layers namely medium access control, radio link operate (Rlc) and packet data convergence protocol (Pdcp). The assistance access point (Sap) between the corporal (Phy) layer and the Mac sub layer contribute the transport channels while the Sap between the Mac and Rlc sub layers contribute the logical channels. The Mac sub layer performs multiplexing of logical channels on to the transport channels.

The downlink and uplink layer 2 structures are given in Figures 8 and 9 respectively. The discrepancy between downlink and uplink structures is that in the downlink, the Mac sub layer also handles the priority among Ues in increasing to priority handling among the logical channels of a particular Ue. The other functions performed by the Mac sub layers in both downlink and uplink contain mapping between the logical and the transport channels.
Multiplexing of Rlc packet data units (Pdu), padding, transport format selection and hybrid Arq (Harq).

The main services and functions of the Rlc sub layers contain segmentation, Arq in-sequence delivery and duplicate detection, etc. The in-sequence delivery of upper layer Pdus is not guaranteed at handover. The reliability of Rlc can be configured to either acknowledge mode (Am) or un-acknowledge mode (Um) transfers. The Um mode can be used for radio bearers that can tolerate some loss. In Am mode, Arq functionality of Rlc Retransmits transport blocks that fail salvage by Harq. The salvage at Harq may fail due to hybrid Arq Nack to Ack error or because the maximum whole of retransmission attempts is reached. In this case, the relevant transmitting Arq entities are notified and inherent retransmissions and re-segmentation can be initiated.

Figure 8: Downlink layer 2 structure.

Figure 9: Uplink layer 2 structure.

The Pdcp layer performs functions such as header compression and decompression, ciphering and in-sequence delivery and duplicate detection at handover for Rlcam, etc. The header compression and decompression is performed using the robust header compression (Rohc) protocol. 5.1 Downlink logical, transport and corporal channels

4.1 Downlink Logical, transport And corporal Channels

The relationship between downlink logical, transport and corporal channels is shown in form 10. A logical channel is defined by the type of facts it carriers. The logical channels are additional divided into operate channels and traffic channels. The operate channels carry control-plane information, while traffic channels carry user-plane information.

In the downlink, five operate channels and two traffic channels are defined. The downlink operate channel used for paging facts change is referred to as the paging operate channel (Pcch). This channel is used when the network has no knowledge about the location cell of the Ue. The channel that carries ideas operate facts is referred to as the broadcast operate channel (Bcch). Two channels namely the coarse operate channel (Ccch) and the dedicated operate channel (Dcch) can carry facts between the network and the Ue. The Ccch is used for Ues that have no Rrc relationship while Dcch is used for Ues that have an Rrc connection. The operate channel used for the transmission of Mbms operate facts is referred to as the multicast operate channel (Mcch). The Mcch is used by only those Ues receiving Mbms.

The two traffic channels in the downlink are the dedicated traffic channel (Dtch) and the multicast traffic channel (Mtch). A Dtch is a point-to-point channel dedicated to a particular Ue for the transmission of user information. An Mtch is a point-to-multipoint channel used for the transmission of user traffic to Ues receiving Mbms. The paging operate channel is mapped to a transport channel referred to as paging channel (Pch). The Pch supports discontinuous reception (Drx) to enable Ue power saving. A Drx cycle is indicated to the Ue by the network. The Bcch is mapped to either a transport channel referred to as a broadcast channel (Bch) or to the downlink shared channel (Dlsch).

Figure 10: Downlink logical, transport and corporal channels mapping.

The Bch is characterized by a fixed pre-defined format as this is the first channel Ue receives after acquiring synchronization to the cell. The Mcch and Mtch are either mapped to a transport channel called a multicast channel (Mch) or to the downlink shared channel (Dl-Sch). The Mch supports Mbsfn combining of Mbms transmission from many cells. The other logical channels mapped to Dl-Sch contain Ccch, Dcch and Dtch. The Dl-Sch is characterized by keep for adaptive modulation/coding, Harq, power control, semi-static/dynamic resource allocation, Drx, Mbm Transmission and multi antenna technologies. All the four-downlink transport channels have the requirement to be broadcast in the whole coverage area of a cell.

The Bch is mapped to a corporal channel referred to as corporal broadcast channel (Pbch), which is transmitted over four sub frames with 40 ms timing interval. The 40 ms timing is detected blindly without requiring any explicit signaling. Also, each sub frame transmission of Bch is self-decodable and Ues with good channel conditions may not need to wait for reception of all the four sub frames for Pbch decoding. The Pch and Dl-Sch are mapped to a corporal channel referred to as corporal downlink shared channel (Pdsch). The multicast channel (Mch) is mapped to corporal multicast channel (Pmch), which is the multi-cell Mbsfn transmission channel.

The three stand-alone corporal operate channels are the corporal operate format indicator channel (Pcfich), the corporal downlink operate channel (Pdcch) and the corporal hybrid Arq indicator channel (Phich). The Pcfich is transmitted every sub frame and carries facts on the whole of Ofdm symbols used for Pdcch. The Pdcch is used to post the Ues about the resource funds of Pch and Dl-Sch as well as modulation, coding and hybrid Arq facts linked to Dl-Sch. A maximum of three or four Ofdm symbols can be used for Pdcch. With dynamic indication of whole of Ofdm symbols used for Pdcch via Pcfich, the unused Ofdm symbols among the three or four Pdcch Ofdm symbols can be used for data transmission. The Phich is used to carry hybrid Arq Ack/Nack for uplink transmissions.

4.2 Uplink Logical, transport And corporal Channels

The relationship between uplink logical, transport and corporal channels is shown in form 2.11. In the uplink two operate channels and a particular traffic channel is defined. As for the downlink, coarse operate channel (Ccch) and dedicated operate channel (Dcch) are used to carry facts between the network and the Ue. The Ccch is used for Ues having no Rrc relationship while Dcch is used for Ues having an Rrc connection. Similar to downlink, dedicated traffic channel (Dtch) is a point-to-point channel dedicated to a particular Ue for transmission of user information. All the three uplink logical channels are mapped to a transport channel named uplink shared channel (Ul-Sch). The Ul-Sch supports adaptive modulation/coding, Harq, power operate and semi-static/dynamic resource allocation.

Another transport channel defined for the uplink is referred to as the random access channel (Rach), which can be used for transmission of minuscule operate facts from a Ue with possibility of collisions with transmissions from other Ues. The Rach is mapped to corporal random access channel (Prach), which carries the random access preamble.

The Ul-Sch transport channel is mapped to corporal uplink shared channel (Pusch). A stand-alone uplink corporal channel referred to as corporal uplink operate channel (Pucch) is used to carry downlink channel ability indication (Cqi) reports, scheduling invite (Sr) and hybrid Arq Ack/Nack for downlink transmissions.

5. Protocol States And States Transitions

In the Lte system, two radio resource operate (Rrc) states namely Rrc Idle and Rrc linked states are defined as depicted in form 2.12. A Ue moves from Rrc Idle state to Rrc linked state when an Rrc relationship is successfully established. A Ue can move back from Rrc linked to Rrc Idle state by releasing the Rrc connection. In the Rrc Idle state, Ue can receive broadcast/multicast data, monitors a paging channel to detect incoming calls, performs neighbor cell measurements and cell selection/reselection and acquires ideas information. Furthermore, in the Rrc Idle state, a Ue exact Drx (discontinuous reception) cycle may be configured by upper layers to enable Ue power savings. Also, mobility is controlled by the Ue in the Rrc Idle
State.

In the Rrc linked state, the change of uncast data to/from Ue, and the change of broadcast or multicast data to Ue can take place. At lower layers, the Ue may be configured with a Ue exact Drx/Dtx (discontinuous transmission). Furthermore, Ue monitors operate channels linked with the shared data channel to conclude if data is scheduled for it, provides channel ability feedback information, performs neighbor cell measurements and estimation reporting and acquires ideas information. Unlike the Rrc Idle state, the mobility is controlled by the network in this state.

Figure 11 Uplink logical, transport and corporal channels mapping.

Figure 12: Ue states and state transitions.

6. Seamless Mobility Support

An prominent highlight of a mobile wireless ideas such as Lte is keep for seamless mobility over eNbs and over Mme/Gws. Fast and seamless handovers (Ho) is particularly prominent for delay-sensitive services such as VoIp. The handovers occur more frequently over eNbs than over core networks because the area covered by Mme/Gw serving a large whole of eNbs is commonly much larger than the area covered by a particular eNb. The
signaling on X2 interface between eNbs is used for handover preparation. The S-Gw acts as anchor for inter-eNb handovers.

In the Lte system, the network relies on the Ue to detect the neighboring cells for handovers and therefore no neighbor cell facts is signaled from the network. For the crusade and estimation of inter-frequency neighboring cells, only the carrier frequencies need to be indicated. An example of active handover in an Rrc linked state is shown in form 13 where a Ue moves from the coverage area of the source eNb (eNb1) to the coverage area of the target eNb (eNb2). The handovers in the Rrc linked state are network controlled and assisted by the Ue. The Ue sends a radio estimation record to the source eNb1 indicating that the signal ability on eNb2 is better than the signal ability on eNb1. As establishment for handover, the source eNb1 sends the coupling facts and the Ue context to the target eNb2 (Ho request) [6] on the X2 interface. The target eNb2 may perform admission operate dependent on the received Eps bearer QoS information. The target eNb configures the required resources agreeing to the received Eps bearer QoS facts and reserves a C-Rnti (cell radio network temporary identifier) and optionally a Rach preamble.

Figure 13: Active handovers.

The C-Rnti provides a unique Ue identification at the cell level identifying the Rrc connection. When eNb2 signals to eNb1 that it is ready to perform the handover via Ho response message, eNb1 commands the Ue (Ho command) to convert the radio bearer to eNb2. The Ue receives the Ho command with the primary parameters (i.e. New C-Rnti, optionally dedicated Rach preamble, inherent expiry time of the dedicated Rach preamble, etc.) and is commanded by the source eNb to perform the Ho. The Ue does not need to delay the handover performance for delivering the Harq/Arq responses to source eNb.

After receiving the Ho command, the Ue performs synchronization to the target eNb and accesses the target cell via the random access channel (Rach) following a contention-free policy if a dedicated Rach preamble was allocated in the Ho command or following a contention-based policy if no dedicated preamble was allocated. The network responds with uplink resource funds and timing expand to be applied by the Ue. When the Ue has successfully accessed the target cell, the Ue sends the Ho confirm message (C-Rnti) along with an uplink buffer status record indicating that the handover policy is completed for the Ue. After receiving the Ho confirm message, the target eNb sends a path switch message to the Mme to post that the Ue has changed cell. The Mme sends a user plane update message to the S-Gw. The S-Gw switches the downlink data path to the target eNb and sends one or more "end marker" packets on the old path to the source eNb and then releases any user-plane/Tnl resources towards the source eNb. Then S-Gw sends a user plane update response message to the Mme. Then the Mme confirms the path switch message from the target eNb with the path switch response message. After the path switch response message is received from the Mme, the target eNb informs success of Ho to the source eNb by sending release resource message to the source eNb and triggers the release of resources. On receiving the release resource message, the source eNb can release radio and C-plane linked sources linked with the Ue context.

During handover establishment U-plane tunnels can be established between the source Enb and the target eNb. There is one tunnel established for uplink data forwarding and other one for downlink data forwarding for each Eps bearer for which data forwarding is applied. While handover execution, user data can be forwarded from the source eNb to the target eNb. Forwarding of downlink user data from the source to the target eNb should take place in order as long as packets are received at the source eNb or the source eNb buffer is exhausted.

For mobility management in the Rrc Idle state, belief of tracking area (Ta) is introduced. A tracking area commonly covers many eNbs as depicted in form 2.14. The tracking area identity (Tai) facts indicating which Ta an eNb belongs to is broadcast as part of ideas information. A Ue can detect convert of tracking area when it receives a different Tai than in its current cell. The Ue updates the Mme with its new Ta facts as it moves over Tas. When P-Gw receives data for a Ue, it buffers the packets and queries the Mme for the Ue's location. Then the Mme will page the Ue in its most current Ta. A Ue can be registered in many Tas simultaneously. This enables power salvage at the Ue under conditions of high mobility because it does not need to constantly update its location with the Mme. This highlight also minimizes load on Ta boundaries.

8. Multicast Broadcast ideas Architecture

In the Lte system, the Mbms either use a single-cell transmission or a multi-cell transmission. In single-cell transmission, Mbms is transmitted only in the coverage of a exact cell and therefore combining Mbms transmission from many cells is not supported. The single-cell Mbms transmission is performed on Dl-Sch and hence uses the same network architecture as the unicast traffic.

Figure 14: Tracking area update for Ue in Rrc Idle state.

The Mtch and Mcch are mapped on Dl-Sch for point-to-multipoint transmission and scheduling is done by the eNb. The Ues can be allocated dedicated uplink feedback channels selfsame to those used in unicast transmission, which enables Harq Ack/Nack and Cqi feedback. The Harq retransmissions are made using a group (service specific) Rnti (radio network temporary identifier) in a time frame that is co-ordinated with the former Mtch transmission. All Ues receiving Mbms are able to receive the retransmissions and combine with the former transmissions at the Harq level. The Ues that are allocated a dedicated uplink feedback channel are in Rrc linked state. In order to avoid unnecessary Mbms transmission on Mtch in a cell where there is no Mbms user, network can detect nearnessy of users interested in the Mbms assistance by polling or straight through Ue assistance request.

The multi-cell transmission for the evolved multimedia broadcast multicast assistance (Mbms) is realized by transmitting selfsame waveform at the same time from many cells. In this case, Mtch and Mcch are mapped on to Mch for point-to-multipoint transmission. This multi-cell transmission mode is referred to as multicast broadcast particular frequency network (eMbsfn) as described in detail in lesson 17. An Mbsfn transmission from many cells within an Mbsfn area is seen as a particular transmission by the Ue. An Mbsfn area comprises a group of cells within an Mbsfn synchronization area of a network that are co-ordinate to perform Mbsfn transmission. An Mbsfn synchronization area is defined as an area of the network in which all eNbs can be synchronized and perform Mbsfn transmission. An Mbms assistance area may consist of many Mbsfn areas. A cell within an Mbsfn synchronization area may form part of many Sfn areas each characterized by different article and set of participating cells.

Figure 15. The eMbms assistance area and Mbsfn areas.

An example of Mbms assistance area consisting of two Mbsfn areas, area A and area B, is depicted in form 2.15. The Mbsfna area consists of cells A1-A5, cell Ab1 and Ab2. The Mbsfn area consists of cells B1-B5, cell Ab1 and Ab2. The cells Ab1 and Ab2 are part of both Mbsfn area A and area B. The cell B5 is part of area B but does not conduce to Mbsfn transmission. Such a cell is referred to as Mbsfn area reserved cell. The Mbsfn area reserved cell may be allowed to send for other services on the resources allocated for the Mbsfn but at a restricted power. The Mbsfn synchronization area, the Mbsfn area and reserved cells can be semi-statically configured by O&M.

The Mbms architecture for multi-cell transmission is depicted in form 2.16. The multicell multicast coordination entity (Mce) is a logical entity, which means it can also be part of other network element such as eNb. The Mce performs functions such as the funds of the radio resources used by all eNbs in the Mbsfn area as well as determining the radio configuration together with the modulation and coding scheme. The Mbms Gw is also a logical entity whose main function is sending/broadcasting Mbms packets with the Sync protocol to each eNb transmitting the service. The Mbms Gw hosts the Pdcp layer of the user plane and uses Ip multicast for forwarding Mbms user data to eNbs.

The eNbs are linked to eMbms Gw via a pure user plane interface M1. As M1 is a pure user plane interface, no operate plane application part is defined for this interface. Two operate plane interfaces M2 and M3 are defined. The application part on M2 interface conveys radio configuration data for the multi-cell transmission mode eNbs. The application part on M3 interface between Mbms Gw and Mce performs Mbms session operate signaling on Eps bearer level that includes procedures such as session start and stop.

An prominent requirement for multi-cell Mbms assistance transmission is Mbms article synchronization to enable Mbsfn operation. The eMbms user plane architecture for article synchronization is depicted in form 2.17. A Sync protocol layer is defined on the transport network layer (Tnl) to keep the article synchronization mechanism. The Sync protocol carries additional facts that enables eNbs to identify the timing for radio frame transmission as well as detect packet loss.

Figure 16: eMbms logical architecture.

Figure 17: The eMbms user plane architecture for article synchronization.

The eNbs participating in multicell Mbms transmission are required to comply with article synchronization mechanism. An eNb transmitting only in single-cell assistance is not required to comply with the stringent timing requirements indicated by Sync protocol. In case Pdcp is used for header compression, it is placed in eMbms Gw. The Ues receiving Mtch transmissions and taking part in at least one Mbms feedback project need to be in an Rrc linked state. On the other hand, Ues receiving Mtch transmissions without taking part in an Mbms feedback mechanism can be in either an Rrc Idle or an Rrc linked state. For receiving single-cell transmission of Mtch, a Ue may need to be in Rrc linked state. The signaling by which a Ue is triggered to move to Rrc linked state solely for single-cell reception purposes is carried on Mcch.

8. Summary
The Lte ideas is based on extremely simplified network architecture with only two types of nodes namely eNode-B and Mme/Gw. Fundamentally, it is a flattened architecture that enables simplified network fabricate while still supporting seamless mobility and industrialized QoS mechanisms. This is a major convert relative to former wireless networks with many more network nodes using hierarchical network architecture. The simplification of network was
partly inherent because Lte ideas does not keep macro-diversity or soft-handoff and hence does not require a Rnc in the access network for macro-diversity combining. Many of the other Rnc functions are incorporated into the eNb. The QoS logical connections are provided between the Ue and the gateway enabling differentiation of Ip flows and meeting the requirements for low-latency applications.

A cut off architecture optimized for multi-cell multicast and broadcast is provided, which consists of two logical nodes namely the multicast co-ordination entity (Mce) and the Mbms gateway. The Mce allocates radio resources as well as determines the radio configuration to be used by all eNbs in the Mbsfn area. The Mbms gateway broadcasts Mbms packets with the Sync protocol to each eNb transmitting the service. The Mbms gateway uses Ip multicast for forwarding Mbms user data to eNbs. The layer 2 and radio resource operate protocols are designed to enable trustworthy delivery of data, ciphering, header compression and Ue power savings.

9. References

[1] 3Gppts 36.300 V8.4.0, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio access Network (E-Utra): broad Description.

[2] 3Gpp Ts 29.060 V8.3.0, Gprs Tunneling Protocol (Gtp) over the Gn and Gp Interface.

[3] Ietf Rfc 4960, Stream operate Transmission Protocol.

[4] Ietf Rfc 3095, Robust Header Compression (Rohc): Framework and Four Profiles: Rtp, Udp, Esp, and uncompressed.

[5] 3Gpp Ts 36.331 V8.1.0, Radio resource operate (Rrc) Protocol Specification.

[6] 3Gpp Tr 23.882 V1.15.1, 3Gpp ideas Architecture Evolution (Sae): record on Technical Options and Conclusions.

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